Class-12 Biology Latest Syllabus & Text Book (2024-25)

THEORY SYLLABUS

 

Unit	Title	Chapters	Marks
VI	Reproduction	1. Sexual Reproduction in Flowering Plants 2. Human Reproduction 3. Reproductive Health	16
VII	Genetics and Evolution	4. Principles of Inheritance and Variation 5. Molecular Basis of Inheritance 6. Evolution	20
VIII	Biology and Human Welfare	7. Human Health and Disease 8. Microbes in Human Welfare	12
IX	Biotechnology and its Applications	9. Biotechnology : Principles and Processes 10. Biotechnology and its Applications	12
X	Ecology and Environment	11. Organisms and Populations 12. Ecosystem 13. Biodiversity and Conservation	10
		Total	70

 

Unit-VI Reproduction

Chapter-1: Sexual Reproduction in Flowering Plants

Flower structure; development of male and female gametophytes; pollination - types, agencies and examples; out breeding devices; pollen-pistil interaction; double fertilization; post fertilization events - development of endosperm and embryo, development of seed and formation of fruit; special modes- apomixis, parthenocarpy, polyembryony; Significance of seed dispersal and fruit formation.

Chapter-2: Human Reproduction

Male and female reproductive systems; microscopic anatomy of testis and ovary; gametogenesis
-spermatogenesis and oogenesis; menstrual cycle; fertilisation, embryo development upto blastocyst formation, implantation; pregnancy and placenta formation (elementary idea); parturition (elementary idea); lactation (elementary idea).

Chapter-3: Reproductive Health

Need for reproductive health and prevention of Sexually Transmitted Diseases (STDs); birth control - need and methods, contraception and medical termination of pregnancy (MTP); amniocentesis; infertility and assisted reproductive technologies - IVF, ZIFT, GIFT (elementary idea for general awareness).

Unit-VII Genetics and Evolution

Chapter-4: Principles of Inheritance and Variation

Heredity and variation: Mendelian inheritance; deviations from Mendelism – incomplete dominance, co-dominance, multiple alleles and inheritance of blood groups, pleiotropy; elementary idea of polygenic inheritance; chromosome theory of inheritance; chromosomes and genes; Sex determination - in humans, birds and honey bee; linkage and crossing over; sex linked inheritance - haemophilia, colour blindness; Mendelian disorders in humans - thalassemia; chromosomal disorders in humans; Down's syndrome, Turner's and Klinefelter's syndromes.

Chapter-5: Molecular Basis of Inheritance

Search for genetic material and DNA as genetic material; Structure of DNA and RNA; DNA packaging; DNA replication; Central Dogma; transcription, genetic code, translation; gene expression and regulation - lac operon; Genome, Human and rice genome projects; DNA fingerprinting.

Chapter-6: Evolution

Origin of life; biological evolution and evidences for biological evolution (paleontology, comparative anatomy, embryology and molecular evidences); Darwin's contribution, modern synthetic theory of evolution; mechanism of evolution - variation (mutation and recombination) and natural selection with examples, types of natural selection; Gene flow and genetic drift; Hardy-Weinberg's principle; adaptive radiation; human evolution.

Unit-VIII Biology and Human Welfare

Chapter-7: Human Health and Diseases

Pathogens; parasites causing human diseases (malaria, dengue, chikungunya, filariasis, ascariasis, typhoid, pneumonia, common cold, amoebiasis, ring worm) and their control; Basic concepts of immunology - vaccines; cancer, HIV and AIDS; Adolescence - drug and alcohol abuse.

Chapter-8: Microbes in Human Welfare

Microbes in food processing, industrial production, sewage treatment, energy generation and microbes as bio-control agents and bio-fertilizers. Antibiotics; production and judicioususe.

Unit-IX Biotechnology and its Applications

Chapter-9: Biotechnology - Principles and Processes

Genetic Engineering (Recombinant DNA Technology).

Chapter-10: Biotechnology and its Applications

Application of biotechnology in health and agriculture: Human insulin and vaccine production, stem cell technology, gene therapy; genetically modified organisms - Bt crops; transgenic animals; biosafety issues, biopiracy and patents.

Unit-X Ecology and Environment

Chapter-11: Organisms and Populations

Population interactions - mutualism, competition, predation, parasitism; population attributes - growth, birth rate and death rate, age distribution. (Topics excluded: Organism and its Environment, Major Aboitic Factors, Responses to Abioitic Factors, Adaptations .

Chapter-12: Ecosystem

Ecosystems: Patterns, components; productivity and decomposition; energy flow; pyramids of
number, biomass, energy (Topics excluded: Ecological Succession and Nutrient Cycles).

Chapter-13: Biodiversity and its Conservation

Biodiversity-Concept, patterns, importance; loss of biodiversity; biodiversity conservation;
hotspots, endangered organisms, extinction, Red Data Book, Sacred Groves, biosphere reserves,
national parks, wildlife, sanctuaries and Ramsar sites.

PRACTICAL SYLLABUS

Sl. No.	Evaluation Scheme	Marks
1	One Major Experiment (Expt.-5)	5
2	One Minor Experiment (Expt.-2 & 3)	4
3	Slide Preparation (Expt.-1 & 4)	5
4	Spotting	7
5	Practical Record + Viva Voce (Credit to the student’s work over the academic session may be given)	4
6	Investigatory Project and its Project Record + Viva Voce (Credit to the student’s work over the academic session may be given)	5
	Total	30

A. List of Experiments

1.    Prepare a temporary mount to observe pollen germination.

2.    Study the plant population density by quadrat method.

3.    Study the plant population frequency by quadrat method.

4.    Prepare a temporary mount of onion root tip to study mitosis.

5.    Isolate DNA from available plant material such as spinach, green pea seeds, papaya, etc.

B. Study and observer the following (Spotting):

1.    Flowers adapted to pollination by different agencies (wind, insects, birds).

2.    Pollen germination on stigma through a permanent slide or scanning electron micrograph.

3.    Identification of stages of gamete development, i.e., T.S. of testis and T.S. of ovary through
permanent slides (from grasshopper/mice).

4.    Meiosis in onion bud cell or grasshopper testis through permanent slides.

5.    T.S. of blastula through permanent slides (Mammalian).

6.    Mendelian inheritance using seeds of different colour/sizes of any plant.

7.    Prepared pedigree charts of any one of the genetic traits such as rolling of tongue, blood
groups, ear lobes, widow's peak and colour blindness.

8.    Controlled pollination - emasculation, tagging andbagging.

9.    Common disease causing organisms like Ascaris, Entamoeba, Plasmodium, any fungus
causing ringworm through permanent slides, models or virtual images or specimens.
Comment on symptoms of diseases that they cause.

10.Models specimen showing symbolic association in root modules of leguminous plants, Cuscuta on host, lichens.

11.Flash cards models showing examples of homologous and analogous organs.