List of Scientists and their Contributions | Clas-12 Biology

List of Scientists and their Contributions


Dear students, here I have tried to compile all the scientists and their contributions given in the NCERT Class-XII Biology Textbook.

If you have any suggestions or additions, please do put in the comments section.

Happy Studying :)



Scientist Contributions
👨‍🔬 Scientist 🔬 Contribution
Gregor Johann Mendela) Father of genetics
b) Conducted experiments for the first time to understand the pattern of inheritance and variation.
Reginald C PunnettPunnett square
GaltonPolygenic inheritance
De Vries, Correns, Von TschermarkIndependently rediscovered Mendel's work.
Walter Sutton & Theodore BoveriChromosomal theory of inheritance
Thomas Hunt Morgana) Experimental verification of chromosomal theory of inheritance
b) Linkage and Recombination
Alfred SturtevantChromosomal or linkage maps
HenkingX-Body (Chromosome)
Friederich MiescherNuclein
Maurice Wilkins & Rosalind FranklinX-ray diffraction data that led to DNA structure discovery
James Watson & Francis CrickProposed the structure of double helix model for the DNA
Semi-conservative mode of DNA replication
Erwin ChargaffChargaff's Rule: A+T = G+C or A+T/G+C=1
Francis CrickCentral Dogma in molecular biology
tRNA as adapter molecule
Frederick GriffithTransforming principle (carried out a series of experiments with streptococcus pneumonia)
Avery, MacLeod, McCartyDetermined the biochemical nature of the transforming principle
Hershey & ChaseThe unequivocal proof that DNA is the genetic material
Meselson & StahlExperimented to prove DNA replicates semi-conservatively
George GamowGenetic codon should be made up of 3 nucleotides
Hargovind KhoranaDeveloped a chemical method for the synthesis of RNA molecule with defined base combination
Marshall NirenbergPut forward a cell free system for protein synthesis that help in deciphering the code
Severo OchoaShowed the polynucleotide phosphate also helped in polymerizing RNA with define sequence in a template in depend manners
Jacob & MonodLac operon model of gene regulation
Frederick Sangera) Developed method for determination of amino acid sequences in protein.
b) Automated DNA sequencing
Oparin & HaldaneProposed that the first form of life could have come from pre-existing non-living organic molecules (e.g. RNA, protein, etc.) and that formation of life was preceded by chemical evolution.
Louis PasteurDisproved spontaneous generation.
Experimentally demonstrated that life comes only from pre-existing life.
S.L. MillerExperiment supporting chemical origin of life
Charles DarwinFather of Evolution
Natural selection
Adaptive radiation
Reproductive fitness
Alfred WallaceNatural selection theory; co-contributor with Darwin
LamarkUse and disuse theory of evolution
Thomas MalthusProposed Malthusian theory of population - this theory states that population growth will always tend to out run the food supply. This theory is thought to influence Darwin.
William HarveyDiscovery of blood circulation
Hugo de VriesDeveloped mutation theory - saltation
Hardy & WeinbergHardy-Weinberg principle - genetic equilibrium in a population.
Norman BorlaugHe improved methods of cultivation and developed a robust strain of wheat. Semi-dwarf wheat.
Alexander FlemingDiscovery of penicillin (antibiotic)
Ernest Chain & Howard FloreyEstablished the full potential of penicillin as an antibiotics.
Mass production and application of penicillin
Cohen & BoyerFirst recombinant DNA
GauseCompetitive exclusion principle
MacArthurResource partitioning in warblers
Edward WilsonCoined the term biodiversity
Robert CostanzaValuation of ecosystem services
Robert MayEstimated global species diversity (~7 million)
Alexander von HumboldtSpecies richness increases with area (up to a limit)
David TilmanMore species = stable ecosystems
His long-term ecosystem experiments states that plots with more species showed less year-to-year variation in total biomass
Paul EhrlichRivet popper hypothesis (ecosystem stability)

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