BIOLOGY (Code No. 044)
COURSE STRUCTURE
CLASS XI (2021-22) (PRACTICAL)
A: List of Experiments
1. Study and describe three locally available common flowering plants, one from each of the families Solanaceae, Fabaceae and Liliaceae (Poaceae, Asteraceae or Brassicaceae can be substituted in case of particular geographical location) including dissection and display of floral whorls, anther and ovary to show number of chambers (floral formulae and floral diagrams). Types of root (Tap and adventitious); types of stem (herbaceous and woody); leaf (arrangement, shape, venation, simple and compound).
2. Preparation and study of T.S. of dicot and monocot roots and stems (primary).
3. Study of osmosis by potato osmometer.
4. Study of plasmolysis in epidermal peels (e.g. Rhoeo/lily leaves or flashy scale leaves of onion bulb).
5. Study of distribution of stomata in the upper and lower surfaces of leaves.
6. Comparative study of the rates of transpiration in the upper and lower surface of leaves.
7. Test for the presence of sugar, starch, proteins and fats in suitable plant and animal materials.
8. Separation of plant pigments through paper chromatography.
9. Study of the rate of respiration in flower buds/leaf tissue and germinating seeds.
10. Test for presence of urea in urine.
11. Test for presence of sugar in urine.
12. Test for presence of albumin in urine.
13. Test for presence of bile salts in urine.
B. Careful observation of the following (spotting):
1. Parts of a compound microscope.
2. Specimens/slides/models
and identification with reasons - Bacteria, Oscillatoria, Spirogyra,
Rhizopus, mushroom, yeast, liverwort, moss, fern, pine, one monocotyledonous
plant, one
dicotyledonous plant and one lichen.
3. Virtual
specimens/slides/models and identifying features of - Amoeba, Hydra, liverfluke,
Ascaris, leech, earthworm, prawn, silkworm, honeybee, snail, starfish, shark,
rohu, frog, lizard,
pigeon and rabbit.
4. Tissues
and diversity in shape and size of plant cells (palisade cells, guard cells,
parenchyma,
collenchyma, sclerenchyma, xylem and phloem) through temporary and permanent
slides.
5. Tissues
and diversity in shape and size of animal cells (squamous epithelium, smooth,
skeletal
and cardiac muscle fibers and mammalian blood smear) through
temporary/permanent slides.
6. Mitosis in onion root tip cells and animals cells (grasshopper) from permanent slides.
7. Different modifications in roots, stems and leaves.
8. Different types of inflorescence (cymose and racemose).
9. Human skeleton and different types of joints with the help of virtual images/models only.
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