Important Years in NCERT-Biology | Class 12

Important Years - Class 12 Biology

🧬 Important Years from NCERT Class 12 Biology

Chapter 4 – Reproductive Health

YearEvent
1951Introduction of Family Planning Programme by Government of India.
1971Government of India legalised Medical Termination of Pregnancy (MTP).
2017Medical Termination of Pregnancy (Amendment) Act.

Chapter 5 – Principles of Inheritance and Variation

YearEvent
1856–1863Mendel’s hybridisation experiments on garden peas.
1865Mendel published his work.
1866Langdon Down first described Down’s Syndrome (Trisomy 21).
1891Henking discovered the X-body while studying insects.
1900Mendel's work rediscovered by de Vries, Correns, and von Tschermak.
1902Chromosomal movement during meiosis was understood.

Chapter 6 – Molecular Basis of Inheritance

YearEvent
1869DNA identified as 'nuclein' by Friedrich Miescher.
1928Griffith's experiment on the Transforming Principle.
1933–1944Avery, MacLeod, and McCarty's biochemical characterisation of the Transforming Principle.
1952Hershey and Chase proved DNA is the genetic material.
1953Watson and Crick proposed the double helix model & semiconservative replication model.
1958Meselson and Stahl's experiment proved semiconservative DNA replication.
1958Taylor's experiment on Vicia faba also supported semiconservative replication.
1990Launch of Human Genome Project.
2003Completion of the Human Genome Project.
2006Sequence of chromosome 1 completed.

Chapter 7 – Evolution

YearEvent
1953S.L. Miller’s experiment proving chemical evolution.

Chapter 9 – Strategies for Enhancement in Food Production

YearEvent
1963Introduction of high-yielding wheat varieties – Sonalika and Kalyan Sona.

Chapter 11 – Biotechnology: Principles and Processes

YearEvent
1963Isolation of Restriction Endonucleases in E. coli.
1972First recombinant DNA created by Stanley Cohen and Herbert Boyer.

Chapter 12 – Biotechnology and Its Applications

YearEvent
1983Genetically engineered insulin developed by Eli Lilly.
1990First clinical gene therapy (ADA deficiency in a 4-year-old girl).
1997Transgenic cow Rosie produced human protein-enriched milk.
1997US company got patent rights on Basmati rice.

Chapter 15 – Biodiversity and Conservation

YearEvent
1992Earth Summit held in Rio de Janeiro.
2002World Summit on Sustainable Development.

Chapter 16 – Environmental Issues

YearEvent
1974Water (Prevention and Control of Pollution) Act enacted.
1974Chipko Movement started in Garhwal Himalayas.
1980Joint Forest Management (JFM) introduced in India.
1981Air (Prevention and Control of Pollution) Act enacted.
1986Environment (Protection) Act enforced.
1987Air Act amended to include noise as a pollutant.
1987Montreal Protocol signed to control ozone-depleting substances.
1988National Forest Policy introduced in India.

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