🧬 Important Years from NCERT Class 12 Biology
Chapter 4 – Reproductive Health
Year | Event |
---|---|
1951 | Introduction of Family Planning Programme by Government of India. |
1971 | Government of India legalised Medical Termination of Pregnancy (MTP). |
2017 | Medical Termination of Pregnancy (Amendment) Act. |
Chapter 5 – Principles of Inheritance and Variation
Year | Event |
---|---|
1856–1863 | Mendel’s hybridisation experiments on garden peas. |
1865 | Mendel published his work. |
1866 | Langdon Down first described Down’s Syndrome (Trisomy 21). |
1891 | Henking discovered the X-body while studying insects. |
1900 | Mendel's work rediscovered by de Vries, Correns, and von Tschermak. |
1902 | Chromosomal movement during meiosis was understood. |
Chapter 6 – Molecular Basis of Inheritance
Year | Event |
---|---|
1869 | DNA identified as 'nuclein' by Friedrich Miescher. |
1928 | Griffith's experiment on the Transforming Principle. |
1933–1944 | Avery, MacLeod, and McCarty's biochemical characterisation of the Transforming Principle. |
1952 | Hershey and Chase proved DNA is the genetic material. |
1953 | Watson and Crick proposed the double helix model & semiconservative replication model. |
1958 | Meselson and Stahl's experiment proved semiconservative DNA replication. |
1958 | Taylor's experiment on Vicia faba also supported semiconservative replication. |
1990 | Launch of Human Genome Project. |
2003 | Completion of the Human Genome Project. |
2006 | Sequence of chromosome 1 completed. |
Chapter 7 – Evolution
Year | Event |
---|---|
1953 | S.L. Miller’s experiment proving chemical evolution. |
Chapter 9 – Strategies for Enhancement in Food Production
Year | Event |
---|---|
1963 | Introduction of high-yielding wheat varieties – Sonalika and Kalyan Sona. |
Chapter 11 – Biotechnology: Principles and Processes
Year | Event |
---|---|
1963 | Isolation of Restriction Endonucleases in E. coli. |
1972 | First recombinant DNA created by Stanley Cohen and Herbert Boyer. |
Chapter 12 – Biotechnology and Its Applications
Year | Event |
---|---|
1983 | Genetically engineered insulin developed by Eli Lilly. |
1990 | First clinical gene therapy (ADA deficiency in a 4-year-old girl). |
1997 | Transgenic cow Rosie produced human protein-enriched milk. |
1997 | US company got patent rights on Basmati rice. |
Chapter 15 – Biodiversity and Conservation
Year | Event |
---|---|
1992 | Earth Summit held in Rio de Janeiro. |
2002 | World Summit on Sustainable Development. |
Chapter 16 – Environmental Issues
Year | Event |
---|---|
1974 | Water (Prevention and Control of Pollution) Act enacted. |
1974 | Chipko Movement started in Garhwal Himalayas. |
1980 | Joint Forest Management (JFM) introduced in India. |
1981 | Air (Prevention and Control of Pollution) Act enacted. |
1986 | Environment (Protection) Act enforced. |
1987 | Air Act amended to include noise as a pollutant. |
1987 | Montreal Protocol signed to control ozone-depleting substances. |
1988 | National Forest Policy introduced in India. |
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